Insecticide - treated combinations of window screens and eave baffles may help control 1 physiologically and behaviorally resistant malaria vector mosquitoes

18 Netting window screens and eave baffles (WSEBs), allowing mosquitoes to enter but not exit 19 from houses, were assessed as an alternative to indoor residual spraying (IRS) for malaria vector 20 control. WSEBs treated with water, the pyrethroid lambda-cyhalothrin (LC), or the 21 organophosphate pirimiphos-methyl (PM), with and without a binding agent (BA) for increasing 22 insecticide persistence on netting, were compared with IRS in experimental huts. Compared with 23 IRS using the same insecticide, WSEBs killed similar proportions of Anopheles funestus which 24 were resistant to pyrethroids, carbamates and organochlorines, and greater proportions of 25 pyrethroid-resistant, early-exiting An. arabiensis. WSEBs with PM killed greater proportions of 26 both vectors than with LC or LC plus PM, and were equally efficacious when combined with 27 BA. WSEBs required far less insecticide than IRS and BAs may enhance durability. WSEBs 28 may enable affordable deployment of insecticide combinations to mitigate against physiological 29 insecticide resistance, and improve impact upon behaviorally-resistant, early-exiting vectors. 30